Bibliografía
1. Gutiérrez-González E, García-Solano M, Pastor-Barriuso R, Fernández de Larrea-Baz N, Rollán-Gordo A, Peñalver-Argüeso B, Peña-Rey I, Pollán M, Pérez-Gómez B; ENE-COVID Study Group. Socio-geographical disparities of obesity and excess weight in adults in Spain: insights from the ENE-COVID study. Front Public Health. 2023 Jul 17;11:1195249. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1195249. PMID: 37529423; PMCID: PMC10387530.
2. NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet. 2024 Mar 16;403(10431):1027-1050. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02750-2. Epub 2024 Feb 29. PMID: 38432237; PMCID: PMC7615769.
3. Crespo J, Alberca F, Alonso Peña M, Argüelles F, Bataller R, Calleja JL, Carballo F, Ceballos D, Díaz Tasende J, Domínguez E, Fernández C, Iruzubieta P, Jorquera F, Lazarus J, Malagelada C, Moris M, Orive-Calzada A, Romero-Gómez M, Sánchez-Antolín G, Santander C. Digestive disease in individuals living with obesity: beyond weight loss. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2025 Jun 27. doi: 10.17235/reed.2025.11375/2025. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 40575928.
4. Rinella ME, Lazarus JV, Ratziu V, Francque SM, Sanyal AJ, Kanwal F, Romero D, Abdelmalek MF, Anstee QM, Arab JP, Arrese M, Bataller R, Beuers U, Boursier J, Bugianesi E, Byrne CD, Castro Narro GE, Chowdhury A, Cortez-Pinto H, Cryer DR, Cusi K, El-Kassas M, Klein S, Eskridge W, Fan J, Gawrieh S, Guy CD, Harrison SA, Kim SU, Koot BG, Korenjak M, Kowdley KV, Lacaille F, Loomba R, Mitchell-Thain R, Morgan TR, Powell EE, Roden M, Romero-Gómez M, Silva M, Singh SP, Sookoian SC, Spearman CW, Tiniakos D, Valenti L, Vos MB, Wong VW, Xanthakos S, Yilmaz Y, Younossi Z, Hobbs A, Villota-Rivas M, Newsome PN; NAFLD Nomenclature consensus group. A multisociety Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature. J Hepatol. 2023 Dec;79(6):1542-1556. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.06.003. Epub 2023 Jun 24. PMID: 37364790.
5. Camilleri M, El-Omar EM. Ten reasons gastroenterologists and hepatologists should be treating obesity. Gut. 2023 Jun;72(6):1033-1038. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2023-329639. Epub 2023 Mar 21. PMID: 36944480.
6. Burra P, Arvanitakis M, Dias JA, Bretthauer M, Dugic A, Hartmann D, Michl P, Seufferlein T, Torres J, Törnblom H, van Leerdam ME, Zelber-Sagi S, Botos A. UEG position paper: Obesity and digestive health. United European Gastroenterol J. 2022 Dec;10(10):1199-1201. doi: 10.1002/ueg2.12334. Epub 2022 Dec 1. PMID: 36457185; PMCID: PMC9752259.
7. Bannuru RR, ElSayed NA, Aroda VR, Aronne LJ, et al. Weight stigma and bias: standards of care in overweight and obesity — 2025. BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care. 2025;13(Suppl 1):e004962. doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2025-004962
8. Thorpe KE, Joski PJ. Estimated Reduction in Health Care Spending Associated With Weight Loss in Adults. JAMA Netw Open. 2024 Dec 2;7(12):e2449200. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.49200. PMID: 39636635; PMCID: PMC11621981.
9. Rubino F, Cummings DE, Eckel RH, Cohen RV, Wilding JPH, Brown WA, Stanford FC, Batterham RL, Farooqi IS, Farpour-Lambert NJ, le Roux CW, Sattar N, Baur LA, Morrison KM, Misra A, Kadowaki T, Tham KW, Sumithran P, Garvey WT, Kirwan JP, Fernández-Real JM, Corkey BE, Toplak H, Kokkinos A, Kushner RF, Branca F, Valabhji J, Blüher M, Bornstein SR, Grill HJ, Ravussin E, Gregg E, Al Busaidi NB, Alfaris NF, Al Ozairi E, Carlsson LMS, Clément K, Després JP, Dixon JB, Galea G, Kaplan LM, Laferrère B, Laville M, Lim S, Luna Fuentes JR, Mooney VM, Nadglowski J Jr, Urudinachi A, Olszanecka-Glinianowicz M, Pan A, Pattou F, Schauer PR, Tschöp MH, van der Merwe MT, Vettor R, Mingrone G. Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2025 Mar;13(3):221-262. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(24)00316-4. Epub 2025 Jan 14. Erratum in: Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2025 Mar;13(3):e6. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(25)00006-3. PMID: 39824205; PMCID: PMC11870235.
10. Busetto L, Dicker D, Frühbeck G, Halford JCG, Sbraccia P, Yumuk V, Goossens GH. A new framework for the diagnosis, staging and management of obesity in adults. Nat Med. 2024 Sep;30(9):2395-2399. doi: 10.1038/s41591-024-03095-3. PMID: 38969880.
11. https://www.seedo.es/images/site/giro/GUIA-GIRO-2a-edicin_26NOV2024.pdf
12. Orive-Calzada A, Caseiro-González S, Moraleja-Yudego I. The GIRO Guideline: a key tool to approach the obesity challenge and its impact on digestive health. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2025 Apr 25;117. doi: 10.17235/reed.2025.11107/2024. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 40276979.
13. Crespo J, Iruzubieta P, Fernández Rodríguez CM. The liver as a thermometer of cardiometabolic health: time to prioritize MASLD in Global Health Policy. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2025 Jun 27. doi: 10.17235/reed.2025.11339/2025. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 40575934.
14. Romero-Gómez M, Escalada J, Noguerol M, Pérez A, Carretero J, Crespo J, Mascort JJ, Aguilar I, Tinahones F, Cañones P, Gómez-Huelgas R, de Luis D, Genúa Trullos I, Aller R, Rubio MA. Multidisciplinary clinical practice guideline on the management of metabolic hepatic steatosis. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2025 Apr 11:502442. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2025.502442. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 40221023.
15. GBD 2021 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. 2024 May 18;403(10440):2133-2161. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00757-8. Epub 2024 Apr 17. PMID: 38642570; PMCID: PMC11122111.
16. European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL); European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD); European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO). EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). J Hepatol. 2024 Sep;81(3):492-542. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2024.04.031. Epub 2024 Jun 7. PMID: 38851997.
17. Ha NB, Heimbach JK, Hameed B. Optimizing liver transplant candidacy in patients with cirrhosis and obesity. Liver Transpl. 2025.
18. Rinella ME, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Siddiqui MS, Abdelmalek MF, Caldwell S, Barb D, et al. AASLD Practice Guidance on the clinical assessment and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2023.
19. Singh S, Dulai PS, Zarrinpar A, Ramamoorthy S, Sandborn WJ. Obesity in IBD: epidemiology, pathogenesis, disease course and treatment outcomes. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;14(2):110-21.
20. Park L, McKechnie T, Lee Y, Tessier L, Passos E, Doumouras A, et al. Short-term postoperative outcomes for obese versus non-obese inflammatory bowel disease patients undergoing bowel resection: a propensity score matched analysis. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2024;39(1):17
21. Jiang K, Chen B, Lou D, Zhang M, Shi Y, Dai W, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis: association between obesity/overweight and surgical complications in IBD. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2022;37(7):1485-96.
22. Lauby-Secretan B, Scoccianti C, Loomis D, Grosse Y, Bianchini F, Straif K, et al. Body Fatness and Cancer--Viewpoint of the IARC Working Group. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(8):794-8.
23. Mahamat-Saleh Y, Aune D, Freisling H, Hardikar S, Jaafar R, Rinaldi S, Gunter MJ, Dossus L. Association of metabolic obesity phenotypes with risk of overall and site-specific cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Br J Cancer. 2024 Nov;131(9):1480-1495. doi: 10.1038/s41416-024-02857-7. Epub 2024 Sep 24. PMID: 39317703; PMCID: PMC11519895
24. da Silva M, Fritz J, Mboya IB, Sun M, Wahlström J, van Guelpen B, Michaëlsson K, Magnusson PKE, Melander O, Sandin S, Yin W, Trolle Lagerros Y, Nwaru B, Leppert J, Chabok A, Pedersen NL, Elmståhl S, Isaksson K, Ingvar C, Hedman L, Backman H, Häggström C, Stocks T. Cohort profile: The Obesity and Disease Development Sweden (ODDS) study, a pooled cohort. BMJ Open. 2024 Jul 16;14(7):e084836. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2024-084836. PMID: 39013647; PMCID: PMC11253753.
25. Gunter MJ, Berrington de Gonzalez A. Is obesity a cause of all cancer types? Lancet Reg Health Eur. 2024 Oct 21;46:101110. doi: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2024.101110. PMID: 39502418; PMCID: PMC11535367.
26. Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Thun MJ. Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med. 2003 Apr 24;348(17):1625-38. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa021423. PMID: 12711737.
27. Delgado-Aros S, Locke GR, Camilleri M, Talley NJ, Fett S, Zinsmeister AR, et al. Obesity is associated with increased risk of gastrointestinal symptoms: a population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99(9):1801-6.
28. Xie M, Deng L, Fass R, Song G. Obesity is associated with higher prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease and reflux related complications: A global healthcare database study. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2024;36(4):e14750.
29. Barbara G, Grover M, Bercik P, Corsetti M, Ghoshal UC, Ohman L, et al. Rome Foundation Working Team Report on Post-Infection Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2019;156(1):46-58.e7.
30. Muscogiuri G, Barrea L, Bettini S, El Ghoch M, Katsiki N, Tolvanen L, Verde L, Colao A, Busetto L, Yumuk VD, Hassapidou M; EASO Nutrition Working Group. European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO) Position Statement on Medical Nutrition Therapy for the Management of Individuals with Overweight or Obesity and Cancer. Obes Facts. 2025;18(1):86-105. doi: 10.1159/000542155. Epub 2024 Oct 30. PMID: 39433024; PMCID: PMC12017763.
31. Espinosa MA, Rivera Gutierrez RJ, Villamarin J, Acosta A. Precision Medicine for Obesity Treatment. J Endocr Soc. 2025 Jun 5;9(9):bvaf102. doi: 10.1210/jendso/bvaf102. PMID: 40636093; PMCID: PMC12235080.
32. Shi Q, Wang Y, Hao Q, Vandvik PO, Guyatt G, Li J, Chen Z, Xu S, Shen Y, Ge L, Sun F, Li L, Yu J, Nong K, Zou X, Zhu S, Wang C, Zhang S, Qiao Z, Jian Z, Li Y, Zhang X, Chen K, Qu F, Wu Y, He Y, Tian H, Li S. Pharmacotherapy for adults with overweight and obesity: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2024 Apr 6;403(10434):e21-e31. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00351-9. PMID: 38582569.
33. Yanovski SZ, Yanovski JA. Approach to Obesity Treatment in Primary Care: A Review. JAMA Intern Med. 2024 Jul 1;184(7):818-829. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.8526. PMID: 38466272; PMCID: PMC12182808.
34. Escalada J. Drug approach to treatment for obesity in adults: perspectives and considerations. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2024 Jul;116(7):353-355. doi: 10.17235/reed.2024.10206/2023. PMID: 38345504.
35. Jayedi A, Soltani S, Emadi A, Zargar MS, Najafi A. Aerobic Exercise and Weight Loss in Adults: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2024 Dec 2;7(12):e2452185. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.52185. PMID: 39724371; PMCID: PMC11672165.
36. Madigan CD, Graham HE, Sturgiss E, Kettle VE, Gokal K, Biddle G, Taylor GMJ, Daley AJ. Effectiveness of weight management interventions for adults delivered in primary care: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2022 May 30;377:e069719. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2021-069719. PMID: 35636762; PMCID: PMC9150078.
37. Sundararaman L, Goudra B. Sedation for GI Endoscopy in the Morbidly Obese: Challenges and Possible Solutions. J Clin Med. 2024;13(16).
38. Lopez-Nava G, Laster J, Negi A, Fook-Chong S, Bautista-Castaño I, Asokkumar R. Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty (ESG) for morbid obesity: how effective is it? Surg Endosc. 2022;36(1):352-60.
39. Abad J, Llop E, Arias-Loste MT, Burgos-Santamaría D, Martínez Porras JL, Iruzubieta P, et al. Endoscopic Sleeve Gastroplasty Plus Lifestyle Intervention in Patients With Metabolic Dysfunction-associated Steatohepatitis: A Multicentre, Sham-controlled, Randomized Trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024.
40. ESGE. Endoscopic Bariatric and Metabolic Therapies for Adults with Obesity ASGE-ESGE guideline 2024 [Available from: https://www.esge.com/endoscopic-bariatric-and-metabolic-therapies-for-adults-with-obesity-asge-esge-guideline.
41. NICE. Endoscopic Sleeve Gastroplasty for Obesity. Interventional Procedures Guidance 2024 [Available from: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ipg783.
42. Ryder JR, Jenkins TM, Xie C, Courcoulas AP, Harmon CM, Helmrath MA, Sisley S, Michalsky MP, Brandt M, Inge TH. Ten-Year Outcomes after Bariatric Surgery in Adolescents. N Engl J Med. 2024 Oct 31;391(17):1656-1658. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2404054. PMID: 39476348; PMCID: PMC11753263.
43. Wågen Hauge J, Borgeraas H, Birkeland KI, Johnson LK, Hertel JK, Hagen M, Gulseth HL, Lindberg M, Lorentzen J, Seip B, Kolotkin RL, Svanevik M, Valderhaug TG, Sandbu R, Hjelmesæth J, Hofsø D. Effect of gastric bypass versus sleeve gastrectomy on the remission of type 2 diabetes, weight loss, and cardiovascular risk factors at 5 years (Oseberg): secondary outcomes of a single-centre, triple-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2025 May;13(5):397-409. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(24)00396-6. Epub 2025 Apr 1. PMID: 40185112.
44. https://www.seedo.es/images/Guía_medios_recomendaciones_informar_sobre_obesidad.pdf
45. Puhl RM. Weight Stigma and Barriers to Effective Obesity Care. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2023;52(2):417-28.
46. Sánchez-Carracedo D. El estigma de la obesidad y su impacto en la salud: una revisión narrativa. Endocrinología, Diabetes y Nutrición. 2022;69(10):868-77.
47. Lin CY, Tsang HWH. Stigma, Health and Well-Being. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(20).
48. Iruzubieta P, de Vega T, Crespo J. Overlooked determinants and unequal outcomes: Rethinking MASLD beyond the biomedical model. The Lancet Gastorenterol Hepatol 2025, in press.
49. Ferrari, A. J. et al. Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet (London, England) 403, 2133–2161 (2024).
50. Rezayatmand, R., Pavlova, M. & Groot, W. The impact of out-of-pocket payments on prevention and health-related lifestyle: a systematic literature review. Eur. J. Public Health 23, 74–79 (2013).
51. Health Taxes: The Task Force on Fiscal Policy for Health Report 2024 A Compelling Policy for the Crises of Today. United Nations Adopts Ground-Breaking Pact for the Future to Transform Global Governance | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases. https://press.un.org/en/2024/ga12641.doc.htm.
52. Lwin, K. S. et al. Framing health taxes: learning from low- and middle-income countries. BMJ Glob. Heal. 8, (2023).
53. AEEH. Plan Nacional Salud Hepatica 2032. https://aeeh.es/wpcontent/ uploads/2024/02/AEEH-Plan-Nacional-Salud-Hepaitica.pdf.
54. Grandl G, Novikoff A, Liu X, Müller TD. Recent achievements and future directions of anti-obesity medications. Lancet Reg Health Eur. 2024 Nov 9;47:101100. doi: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2024.101100. PMID: 39582489; PMCID: PMC11585837.
55. Melson E, Ashraf U, Papamargaritis D, Davies MJ. What is the pipeline for future medications for obesity? Int J Obes (Lond). 2025 Mar;49(3):433-451. doi: 10.1038/s41366-024-01473-y. Epub 2024 Feb 1. PMID: 38302593; PMCID: PMC11971045.